IMPORTANCE Although several anti-ATL therapies are currently available, ATL is still frequently resistant to therapeutic approaches, and its prognosis remains poor. Control of HTLV-1 de novo infection or expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells in the carrier holds considerable promise for the prevention of ATL development. In this study, we developed rVSVs that specifically target and kill HTLV-1 Env-expressing cells (not ATL cells, which generally do not express Env in vivo) through replacement of the G gene with HTLV-1 receptor gene (s) in the VSV genome. Notably, an rVSV engineered to express human NRP1 controlled the number of HTLV-1-infected Env-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the present approach may be a promising candidate for novel anti-HTLV-1 virotherapy in HTLV-1 carriers, including as a prophylactic treatment against the development of ATL.